Fertility and Infertility
Terms
Abortion, Habitual:
A term referring to a condition where a woman has had three or more
miscarriages.
Abortion, Incomplete:
An abortion after which some tissue remains inside the uterus. A D&C
must be performed to remove the tissue and prevent complications.
Abortion, Missed:
An abortion where the fetus dies in the uterus but there is no bleeding
or cramping. A D&C will be needed to remove the fetal remains
and prevent complications.
Abortion, Spontaneous:
A pregnancy loss during the first twenty weeks of gestation.
Abortion, Therapeutic:
A procedure used to terminate a pregnancy before the fetus can survive
on its own.
Abortion, Threatened:
Spotting or bleeding that occurs early in the pregnancy. May progress
to spontaneous abortion.
ACTH:
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal
glands. Excessive levels may lead to fertility problems.
Adhesion:
Scar tissue occurring in the abdominal cavity, fallopian tubes, or
inside the uterus. Adhesions can interfere with transport of the egg
and implantation of the embryo in the uterus.
Adrenal Androgens:
Male hormones produced by the adrenal gland which, when found in excess,
may lead to fertility problems in both men and women. Excess androgens
in the woman may lead to the formation of male secondary sex characteristics
and the suppression of LH and FSH production by the pituitary gland.
Elevated levels of androgens may be found in women with polycystic
ovaries, or with a tumor in the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, or
ovary. May also be associated with excess prolactin levels.
Alpha-fetoprotein Test (AFP):
A blood test performed to evaluate the development of the fetus and
to look for fetal abnormalities.
AID (Artificial Insemination Donor):
See Artificial Insemination Donor.
AIH (Artificial Insemination Homologous):
See Artificial Insemination Homologous.
Amenorrhea:
Refers to a woman who has never had a period.
Amenorrhea, Secondary:
A term describing a woman who has menstruated at one time, but who
has not had a period for six months or more.
Androgens:
Male sex hormones.
Andrologist:
A physician-scientist who performs laboratory evaluations of male
fertility. May hold a Ph.D. degree instead of an M.D. Usually affiliated
with a fertility treatment center working on in vitro fertilization.
Anorexia Nervosa:
A life-threatening eating disorder; self-imposed starvation. Severe
weight loss and malnutrition from this disorder cause anovulation.
Anovulation:
The failure to ovulate; ovulatory failure.
Antibodies:
Chemicals made by the body to fight or attack foreign substances entering
the body. Normally they prevent infection; however, when they attack
the sperm or fetus, they cause infertility. Sperm antibodies may be
made by either the man or the woman.
Antisperm Antibodies:
Antibodies are produced by the immune system to fight off foreign
substances,like bacteria. Antisperm antibodies attach themselves to
sperm and inhibit movement and their ability to fertilize.
Artificial Insemination (AI):
The depositing of sperm in the vagina near the cervix or directly
into the uterus, with the use of a syringe instead of by coitus. This
technique is used to overcome sexual performance problems, to circumvent
sperm-mucus interaction problems, to maximize the potential for poor
semen, and for using donor sperm. See also Artificial Insemination
Donor; Artificial Insemination Homologous.
Artificial Insemination Donor (AID):
Artificial insemination with donor sperm. A fresh donor semen specimen
or a thawed frozen specimen is injected next to the woman's cervix.
Artificial Insemination Homologous (AIH):
Artificial insemination with the husband's sperm. The sperm may be
washed and injected directly into the wife's uterus (IAIH). Often
used with poor semen or to overcome sperm-mucus problems.
Artificial Spermatocoele:
An artificial, surgically created pouch used to collect sperm from
men with irreversible tubal blockage.
Asherman's Syndrome:
A condition where the uterine walls adhere to one another. Usually
caused by uterine inflammation.
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART):
Several procedures employed to bring about conception without sexual
intercourse, including IUI, GIFT and ZIFT.
Asthenozoospermia:
Low sperm motility.
Azozoospermia:
Semen containing no sperm, either because the testicles cannot make
sperm or because of blockage in the reproductive tract.
Bacterial Vaginosis Infection:
A vaginal infection that causes a burning sensation and a gray, malodorous
discharge. May interfere with fertility.
Basal Body Temperature (BBT):
Your body temperature when taken at its lowest point, usually in the
morning before getting out of bed. Charting BBT is used to predict
ovulation.
Basal Body Temperature, Biphasic:
A basal body temperature pattern consistent with ovulation and the
formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. This
hormone will elevate the basal body temperature about one-half degree
during the latter half of the menstrual cycle.
Basal Body Temperature, Monophasic:
An anovulatory basal body temperature pattern where the temperature
remains relatively constant throughout the cycle.
Beta hCG Test:
A blood test used to detect very early pregnancies and to evaluate
embryonic development.
Bicornuate Uterus:
A congenital malformation of the uterus where the upper portion (horn)
is duplicated.
Bromocriptine (Parlodel):
An oral medication used to reduce prolactin levels and reduce the
size of a pituitary tumor when present. This medication often causes
dizziness and upset stomach and must be started with a small dose
which is gradually increased as needed. This medication is equally
effective when the tablet is placed into the vagina.
Bulimia:
An eating disorder characterized by voracious eating followed by forced
vomiting. The resulting weight loss and malnutrition may cause anovulation.
Buserelin:
A long-acting GnRH available in Europe as a nasal spray and used to
create the pseudomenopause desirable for reducing the size and number
of endometriotic lesions. It can also be used to treat fibroid tumors,
PMS, hirsutism, ovulation induction and for in vitro fertilization.
Candidiasis (Yeast):
An infection that may be uncomfortable and itchy and may impair fertility.
Capacitation:
A process that sperm undergo as they travel through the woman's reproductive
tract. Capacitation enables the sperm to penetrate the egg.
Cauterize:
To burn tissue with electrical current (electrocautery) or with a
laser. Used in surgical procedures to remove unwanted tissue such
as adhesions and endometrial implants. Also used to control bleeding.
Cervical Mucus:
A viscous fluid plugging the opening of the cervix. Most of the time
this thick mucus plug prevents sperm and bacteria from entering the
womb. However, at midcycle, under the influence of estrogen, the mucus
becomes thin, watery, and stringy to allow sperm to pass into the
womb. See also Cervix
Cervical Smear:
A sample of the cervical mucus examined microscopically to assess
the presence of estrogen (ferning) and white blood cells, indicating
possible infection.
Cervical Stenosis:
A blockage of the cervical canal from a congenital defect or from
complications of surgical procedures. See also Cervix.
Cervix:
The opening between the uterus and the vagina. The cervical mucus
plugs the cervical canal and normally prevents foreign materials from
entering the reproductive tract. The cervix remains closed during
pregnancy and dilates during labor and delivery to allow the baby
to be born.
Cervix, Incompetent:
A weakened cervix, which opens up prematurely during pregnancy and
can cause the loss of the fetus. A CERVICAL CERCLAGE is a procedure
in which a stitch or two is put around the cervix to prevent its opening
until removed when the pregnancy is to term.
Chocolate Cyst:
A cyst in the ovary that is filled with old blood; endometrioma. Occurring
when endometriosis invades an ovary, it causes the ovary to swell.
Frequently, patients with large endometriomas do not have any symptoms.
If the cyst ruptures or the ovary containing the cyst twists, emergency
surgery may be necessary. Usually treatment can be carried out through
the laparoscope.
Chromosome:
The structures in the cell that carry the genetic material (genes);
the genetic messengers of inheritance. The human has forty-six chromosomes,
twenty-three coming from the egg and twenty-three coming from the
sperm.
Cilia:
Tiny hairlike projections lining the inside surface of the fallopian
tubes. The waving action of these "hairs" sweeps the egg
toward the uterus.
Clitoris:
The small erectile sex organ of the female which contains large numbers
of sensory nerves; the female counterpart of the penis.
Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid, Serophene):
A fertility drug that stimulates ovulation through the release of
gonadotropins from the pituitary gland."
Coitus:
Intercourse; the sexual union between a man and a woman.
Conception:
See Fertilization.
Conceptus:
The early products of conception; the embryo and placenta.
Condom Therapy:
Therapy prescribed to reduce the number of sperm antibodies in the
woman by using a condom during intercourse for six months or more
and by the woman refraining from all skin contact with the husband's
sperm. The woman's antibody level may fall to levels that will not
adversely affect the sperm.
Cone Biopsy:
A surgical procedure used to remove precancerous cells from the cervix.
The procedure may damage the cervix and thus disrupt normal mucus
production or cause an incompetent cervix, which may open prematurely
during pregnancy.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia:
A congenital condition characterized by elevated androgens which suppress
the pituitary gland and interfere with spermatogenesis or ovulation.
Women may have ambiguous genitalia from the excess production of male
hormone.
Contraception:
A congenital condition characterized by elevated androgens which suppress
the pituitary gland and interfere with spermatogenesis or ovulation.
Women may have ambiguous genitalia from the excess production of male
hormone.
Contraceptive, Oral:
A medication that prevents ovulation and pregnancy. Up to 3 percent
of women taking the Pill will become anovulatory when they stop taking
it. The regulatory effects of the Pill can also disguise symptoms
of fertility problems-- for example, an irregular cycle or endometriosis.
May be used to control the symptoms and development of endometriosis.
Corpus Luteum:
The yellow-pigmented glandular structure that forms from the ovarian
follicle following ovulation. The gland produces progesterone, which
is responsible for preparing and supporting the uterine lining for
implantation. Progesterone also causes the half-degree basal temperature
elevation noted at midcycle during an ovulatory cycle. If the corpus
luteum functions poorly, the uterine lining may not support a pregnancy.
If the egg is fertilized, a corpus luteum of pregnancy forms to maintain
the endometrial bed and support the implanted embryo. Picture of a
corpus luteum. A deficiency in the amount of progesterone produced
(or the length of time it is produced) by the corpus luteum can mean
the endometrium is unable to sustain a pregnancy. This is called Luteal
Phase Defect (LPD).
Cumulus Oophorus:
The protective layer of cells surrounding the egg.
Cushing's Syndrome:
A condition characterized by an overproduction of adrenal gland secretions.
The person will suffer from high blood pressure and water retention
as well as a number of other symptoms. A concurrent elevation of adrenal
androgens will suppress pituitary output of LH and FSH and result
in low sperm production or ovulatory failure. A woman may also develop
male secondary sex characteristics, including abnormal hair growth.
Cushing's Disease is another condition in which these same symptoms
occur, but as the result of a pituitary tumor.
D&C (Dilation and Curettage):
A procedure used to dilate the cervical canal and scrape out the lining
and contents of the uterus. The procedure can be used to diagnose
or treat the cause of abnormal bleeding and to terminate an unwanted
pregnancy.
Danazol (danocrine):
A medication used to treat endometriosis. Suppresses LH and FSH production
by the pituitary and causes a state of amenorrhea during which the
endometrial implants waste away. Many women experience oily skin,
acne, weight gain, abnormal hair growth, deepening of the voice and
muscle cramps with this medication.
Delayed Ejaculation:
A condition in which the man fakes orgasm and does not actually ejaculate
when having sex.
Delayed Puberty:
A condition in which the youngster fails to complete puberty and develop
secondary sex characteristics by sixteen years of age. Puberty may
be stimulated with hormonal replacement therapy. Some will outgrow
the condition without treatment.
DES (Diethylstilbestrol):
A medication prescribed in the 1950s and 1960s to women to prevent
miscarriage. Male and female fetuses exposed in utero to this drug
developed numerous deformities including blockage of the vas deferens,
uterine abnormalities, cervical deformities, miscarriages, and unexplained
infertility. DES is no longer prescribed for this indication.
DHEAS:
See Adrenal Androgens.
Doxycycline:
A tetracycline derivative; an antibiotic that inhibits many of the
microorganisms infecting the reproductive tract. Often used for treating
ureaplasma infections. Many physicians find routine treatment with
this antibiotic more cost-effective than performing multiple cultures
on both the husband and wife looking for infection.
Dysmenorrhea:
Painful menstruation. This may be a sign of endometriosis.
Dyspareunia:
Painful coitus for either the man or the woman.
Ectopic Pregnancy:
A pregnancy outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube.
Such a pregnancy can rarely be sustained, and often leads to decreased
or complete loss of function in the affected tube. Methotrexate is
now used to dissolve the pregnancy without causing major damage to
the tube.
Egg Retrieval:
A procedure used to obtain eggs from ovarian follicles for use in
in vitro fertilization. The procedure may be performed during laparoscopy
or by using a long needle and ultrasound to locate the follicle in
the ovary.
Ejaculate:
The semen and sperm expelled during ejaculation.
Ejaculation:
The physiological process by which the semen is propelled from the
testicles, through the reproductive tract, and out the opening of
the penis.
Embryo:
The early products of conception; the undifferentiated beginnings
of a baby; the conceptus.
Embryo Transfer
Placing an egg fertilized outside the womb into a woman's uterus or
fallopian tube.
Empty Sella Syndrome:
A condition that occurs when spinal fluid leaks into the bony chamber
(fossa) housing the pituitary gland. The fluid pressure compresses
the pituitary gland and may adversely affect its ability to secrete
LH and FSH and may elevate prolactin levels.
Endometrial Biopsy:
A test to check for Luteal Phase Defect. A procedure during which
a sample of the uterine lining is collected for microscopic analysis.
The biopsy results will confirm ovulation and the proper preparation
of the endometrium by estrogen and progesterone stimulation
Endometrial Biopsy:
A condition where endometrial tissue is located outside the womb.
The tissue may attach itself to the reproductive organs or to other
organs in the abdominal cavity. Each month the endometrial tissue
inbreeds with the onset of menses. The resultant irritation causes
adhesions in the abdominal cavity and in the fallopian tubes. Endometriosis
may also interfere with ovulation and with the implantation of the
embryo.
Endometrium:
The lining of the uterus which grows and sheds in response to estrogen
and progesterone stimulation; the bed of tissue designed to nourish
the implanted embryo.
Endorphins:
Natural narcotics manufactured in the brain to reduce sensitivity
to pain and stress. May contribute to stress-related fertility problems.
Epididymis:
A coiled, tubular organ attached to and lying on the testicle. Within
this organ the developing sperm complete their maturation and develop
their powerful swimming capabilities. The matured sperm leave the
epididymis through the vas deferens.
Erection:
The process during which the erectile tissue of the penis becomes
engorged with blood, causing the penis to swell and become rigid.
Estradiol:
The female hormone produced in the ovary. Responsible for formation
of the female secondary sex characteristics such as large breasts;
supports the growth of the follicle and the development of the uterine
lining. At midcycle the peak estrogen level triggers the release of
the LH spike from the pituitary gland. The LH spike is necessary for
the release of the ovum from the follicle. Fat cells in both obese
men and women can also manufacture estrogen from androgens and interfere
with fertility.
Estrogen:
Female sex hormone.
Expectant Therapy (Endometriosis):
A wait-and-see approach used after laparoscopic surgery for mild endometriosis.
Fallopian Tubes:
Ducts through which eggs travel to the uterus once released from the
follicle. Sperm normally meet the egg in the fallopian tube, the site
at which fertilization usually occurs.
Female Kallman's Syndrome:
A condition characterized by infantile sexual development and an inability
to smell. Since the pituitary cannot produce LH and FSH, the woman
must take hormone supplements to achieve puberty, to maintain secondary
sex characteristics, and to achieve fertility.
Ferning:
A pattern characteristic of dried cervical mucus viewed on a slide.
When the fern pattern appears, the mucus has been thinned and prepared
by estrogen for the passage of sperm. If it does not fern, the mucus
will be hostile to the passage of the sperm.
Fertile Eunuch:
A rare disorder characterized by an LH deficiency leading to low testosterone
levels and poor sperm production. Male secondary sex characteristics
will be incomplete and sex drive will be low.
Fertility Specialist:
A physician specializing in the practice of fertility. The American
Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology certifies a subspecialty for OB-GYNs
who receive extra training in endocrinology (the study of hormones)
and infertility.
Fertility Treatment:
Any method or procedure used to enhance fertility or increase the
likelihood of pregnancy, such as ovulation induction treatment, varicocoele
repair, and microsurgery to repair damaged fallopian tubes. The goal
of fertility treatment is to help couples have a child.
Fertility Workup:
The initial medical examinations and tests performed to diagnose or
narrow down the cause of fertility problems.
Fertilization:
The combining of the genetic material carried by sperm and egg to
create an embryo. Normally occurs inside the fallopian tube (in vivo)
but may also occur in a petri dish (in vitro). See also In Vitro Fertilization.
Fetus:
A term used to refer to a baby during the period of gestation between
eight weeks and term.
Fibroid (Myoma or Leiomyoma):
A benign tumor of the uterine muscle and connective tissue.
Fimbria:
The opening of the fallopian tube near the ovary. When stimulated
by the follicular fluid released during ovulation, the fingerlike
ends grasp the ovary and coax the egg into the tube.
A normal tube and ovary as seen at laparoscopy.
Follicles:
Fluid-filled sacs in the ovary which contain the eggs released at
ovulation.
Each month an egg develops inside the ovary in a fluid filled pocket
called a follicle. This follicle is one inch in size and is about
ready to ovulate.
Follicular Fluid:
The fluid inside the follicle that cushions and nourishes the ovum.
When released during ovulation, the fluid stimulates the fimbria to
grasp the ovary and coax the egg into the fallopian tube.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH):
A pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis and follicular
development. In the man FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testicles
and supports sperm production. In the woman FSH stimulates the growth
of the ovarian follicle. Elevated FSH levels are indicative of gonadal
failure in both men and woman.
Follicular Phase:
The pre-ovulatory portion of a woman's cycle during which a follicle
grows and high levels of estrogen cause the lining of the uterus to
proliferate. Normally takes between 12 and 14 days.
Galactorrhea:
A clear or milky discharge from the breasts associated with elevated
prolactin.
Gamete:
A reproductive cell:Sperm in men, the egg in women.
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT):
A technique that may be used in lieu of in vitro fertilization for
women with patent tubes. After egg retrieval the eggs are mixed with
the husband's sperm and then injected through the fimbria into the
woman's fallopian tubes for in vivo fertilization.
Genitals:
The external sex organs, as the labia and clitoris in the woman and
the penis and testicles in the man. Also called genitalia.
Germ Cell:
In the male the testicular cell that divides to produce the immature
sperm cells; in the woman the ovarian cell that divides to form the
egg (ovum). The male germ cell remains intact throughout the man's
reproductive life; the woman uses up her germ cells at the rate of
about one thousand per menstrual cycle, although usually only one
egg matures each cycle.
Germ Cell Aplasia (Sertoli Cell Only):
An inherited condition in which the testicles have no germ cells.
Since men with this condition have normal Leydig cells, they will
develop secondary sex characteristics. May also be caused by large
and/or prolonged exposure to toxins or radiation.
Gonadotropins:
Hormones which control reproductive function: Follicle Stimulating
Hormone and Lutenizing Hormone.
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH):
A substance secreted by the hypothalamus every ninety minutes or so.
This hormone enables the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH, which stimulate
the gonads. See also FSH; LH.
Gonad:
The gland that makes reproductive cells and "sex" hormones,
as the testicles, which make sperm and testosterone, and the ovaries,
which make eggs (ova) and estrogen.
Gonorrhea:
An infection that is usually asymptomatic, but that may cause a bad-smelling
yellowish vaginal discharge and red and swollen vaginal walls. If
it reaches the fallopian tubes, the woman will suffer pain, develop
a high fever, and possibly develop tubal blockage. The responsible
organism may also impair sperm and prevent pregnancy. In the man gonorrhea
seldom leads to damage, but it may cause a painful infection.
Hamster Test:
A test of the ability of sperm to penetrate a hamster egg which has
been stripped of the Zona Pellucida (outer membrane). Also called
SPERM PENETRATION ASSAY (SPA).
Hirsutism:
The overabundance of body hair, such as a mustache or pubic hair growing
upward toward the navel, found in women with excess androgens.
Host Uterus:
Also called a "surrogate gestational mother." A couple's
embryo is transferred to another woman who carries the pregnancy to
term and returns the baby to the genetic parents immediately after
birth.
Hostile Mucus:
Cervical mucus that impedes the natural progress of sperm through
the cervical canal.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG):
The hormone produced in early pregnancy which keeps the corpus luteum
producing progesterone. Also used via injection to trigger ovulation
after some fertility treatments, and used in men to stimulate testosterone
production.
Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (HMG - PERGONAL, HUMEGON):
A combination of hormones FSH and LH, which is extracted from the
urine of post-menopausal women. Used to induce ovulation in several
fertility treatments.
Humegon (HMG):
The lutenizing and follicle-stimulating hormones recovered from the
urine of post-menopausal women. Used to stimulate multiple ovulation
in some fertility treatments.
Hyperprolactinemia:
A condition in which the pituitary gland secretes too much prolactin.
Prolactin can suppress LH and FSH production, reduce sex drive in
the man, and directly suppress ovarian function in the woman.
Hyperstimulation (Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, OHSS):
A potentially life-threatening side effect of Pergonal ovulation induction
treatment. Arises when too many follicles develop and hCG is given
to release the eggs. May be prevented by withholding the hCG injection
when ultrasound monitoring indicates that too many follicles have
matured.
Hyperthyroidism:
Overproduction of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. The resulting
increased metabolism "burns up" estrogen too rapidly and
interferes with ovulation.. Hypoestrogenic:
Having lower than normal levels of estrogen.
Hypogonadotropic Hypopituitarism:
A spectrum of diseases resulting in low pituitary gland output of
LH and FSH. Men with this disorder have low sperm counts and may lose
their virility; women do not ovulate and may lose their secondary
sex characteristics.
Hypospermatogenesis:
Low sperm production.
Hypothalamus:
A part of the brain, the hormonal regulation center, located adjacent
to and above the pituitary gland. In both the man and the woman this
tissue secretes GnRH every ninety minutes or so. The pulsatile GnRH
enables the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH, which stimulate
the gonads. See also FSH; LH; Ovary; Pituitary Gland; Testicle.
Hypothyroidism:
A condition in which the thyroid gland produces an insufficient amount
of thyroid hormone. The resulting lowered metabolism interferes with
the normal breakdown of "old" hormones and causes lethargy.
Men will suffer from a lower sex drive and elevated prolactin (see
Hyperprolactinemia), and women will suffer from elevated prolactin
and estrogen, both of which will interfere with fertility.
Hysterectomy:
The surgical removal of the uterus. May also include the removal of
other reproductive structures, such as the fallopian tubes and ovaries.
Hysterosalpingogram (HSG):
An x-ray of the pelvic organs in which a radio-opaque dye is injected
through the cervix into the uterus and fallopian tubes. This test
checks for malformations of the uterus and blockage of the fallopian
tubes.
Hysteroscopy:
A procedure in which the doctor checks for uterine abnormalities by
inserting a fiber-optic device. Minor surgical repairs can be executed
during the procedure.
IAIH (Intrauterine Artificial Insemination Homologous):
Artificial insemination where the husband's sperm is injected directly
into the uterus to avoid cervical mucus problems or to maximize the
potential for poor semen. See also Artificial Insemination.
ICSI:
See also Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Immature Sperm (Germinal Cell):
A sperm that has not matured and gained the ability to swim. In the
presence of illness or infection such sperm may appear in the semen
in large numbers. Imperforate Hymen: A condition where the membrane
(hymen) covering the vagina fails to open and allow menstrual flow.
Implantation (Embryo):
The embedding of the embryo into tissue so it can establish contact
with the mother's blood supply for nourishment. Implantation usually
occurs in the lining of the uterus; however, in an ectopic pregnancy
it may occur elsewhere in the body.
Impotence:
The inability of the man to have an erection and to ejaculate.
Incompetent Cervix:
See Cervix, Incompetent
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):
A micromanipulation procedure where a single sperm is injected into
the egg to enable fertilization with very low sperm counts or with
non-motile sperm.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF):
Literally means "in glass." Fertilization takes place outside
the body in a small glass dish.
Infertility:
The inability to conceive after a year of unprotected intercourse
or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term.
Inhibin:
A male feedback hormone made in the testicles to regulate FSH production
by the pituitary gland.
Inhibin-F (Folliculostatin):
A female feedback hormone made in the ovary to regulate FSH production
by the pituitary gland.
IUD (Intrauterine Device):
A device placed into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. IUD insertion
has been associated with an increased incidence of infection, which
may damage the fallopian tubes, and is therefore not recommended for
women with multiple sexual partners.
Kallman's Syndrome:
A congenital hypothalamus dysfunction which has multiple symptoms
including the failure to complete puberty.
Karyotyping:
A test performed to analyze chromosomes for the presence of genetic
defects.
Klinefelter's Syndrome:
A genetic abnormality characterized by having one Y (male) and two
X (female) chromosomes. May cause a fertility problem.
Laparoscope:
A small telescope that can be inserted into a hole in the abdominal
wall for viewing the internal organs; the instrument used to perform
a laparoscopy. Used to diagnose and treat a number of fertility problems
including endometriosis, abdominal adhesions, and polycystic ovaries.
Also used in egg retrieval for in vitro fertilization.
Laparoscopy:
Examination of the pelvic region by using a small telescope called
a laparoscope.
Laparotomy:
Major abdominal surgery where reproductive organ abnormalities can
be corrected and fertility restored, such as tubal repairs and the
removal of adhesions.
Leiomyomata:
See Fibroid.
Leydig Cell:
The testicular cell that produces the male hormone testosterone. The
Leydig cell is stimulated by LH from the pituitary gland.
Luteal Phase:
Post-ovulatory phase of a woman's cycle. The corpus luteum produces
progesterone, which cause the uterine lining to thicken to support
the implantation and growth of the embryo.
Luteal Phase Defect (or deficiency) (LPD):
A condition that occurs when the uterine lining does not develop adequately
because of inadequate progesterone stimulation; or because of the
inability of the uterine lining to respond to progesterone stimulation.
LPD may prevent embryonic implantation or cause an early abortion.
Luteinized Unruptured Follicle (LUF) Syndrome:
A condition in which the follicle develops and changes into the corpus
luteum without releasing the egg.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH):
A pituitary hormone that stimulates the gonads. In the man LH is necessary
for spermatogenesis (Sertoli cell function) and for the production
of testosterone (Leydig cell function). In the woman LH is necessary
for the production of estrogen. When estrogen reaches a critical peak,
the pituitary releases a surge of LH (the LH spike), which releases
the egg from the follicle.
Luteinizing Hormone Surge (LH SURGE):
The release of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes release of a mature
egg from the follicle. Ovulation test kits detect the sudden increase
of LH, signaling that ovulation is about to occur (usually within
24-36 hours).
Masturbation:
A technique used to collect semen for analysis and for artificial
insemination; manual stimulation of the penis leading to ejaculation.
Maturation Arrest:
A testicular condition in which at one stage of sperm production all
sperm development halts throughout all testicular tubules. May result
in oligospermia or azozoospermia.
Meiosis:
The cell division, peculiar to reproductive cells, which allows genetic
material to divide in half. Each new cell will contain twenty-three
chromosomes. The spermatids (immature sperm) and ova (eggs) each contain
twenty-three chromosomes, so when they combine (fertilize), the baby
will have a normal complement of forty-six.
Menorrhagia:
Heavy or prolonged menstrual flow.
Menstruation:
The cyclical shedding of the uterine lining in response to stimulation
from estrogen and progesterone.
Metrodin (Pure FSH):
An injectable form of Follicle Stimulating Hormone used to stimulate
ovulation.
Metrorrhagia:
Menstrual spotting during the middle of the cycle.
Miscarriage:
Spontaneous loss of an embryo or fetus from the womb.
Mitosis:
The division of a cell into two identical cells in which all forty-six
human chromosomes are duplicated; the first division of the germ cell.
Mittleschmerz:
The discomfort felt on one side of the lower abdomen at the time of
ovulation.
Mycoplasma:
See Ureaplasma.
Myomectomy:
Surgery performed to remove fibroid tumors.
Oligomenorrhea:
Infrequent menstrual periods.
Oligospermia, Oligozoospermia:
A sperm count below 20 million; a low sperm count; a sperm count low
enough to cause a fertility problem.
Orgasm:
The psychological and physical thrill that accompanies sexual climax.
For the man orgasm causes ejaculation.
Ovarian Cyst:
A fluid-filled sac inside the ovary. An ovarian cyst may be found
in conjunction with ovulation disorders, tumors of the ovary, and
endometriosis. See also Chocolate Cyst.
Ovarian Failure:
The failure of the ovary to respond to FSH stimulation from the pituitary
because of damage to or malformation of the ovary. Diagnosed by elevated
FSH in the blood.
Ovulation:
The release of the egg (ovum) from the ovarian follicle.
Ovulation Induction:
Medical treatment performed to initiate ovulation. See also Clomiphene
Citrate; Pergonal.
Ovulatory Failure (Anovulation):
The failure to ovulate.
Ovum:
The egg; the reproductive cell from the ovary; the female gamete;
the sex cell that contains the woman's genetic information.
Panbypopituitarism:
Complete pituitary gland failure.
Parlodel:
See Bromocriptine.
Patent:
The condition of being open, as with tubes that form part of the reproductive
organs.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID):
An infection of the pelvic organs that causes severe illness, high
fever, and extreme pain. PID may lead to tubal blockage and pelvic
adhesions.
Penile Implant:
A device surgically inserted into the penis to provide rigidity for
intercourse. Used to treat impotence.
Penis:
The male organ that becomes enlarged and erect for the purpose of
depositing semen in the woman's vagina.
Pergonal (HMG):
A medication used to replace the pituitary hormones, LH and FSH. May
be used to induce ovulation in women who do not respond to clomiphene
citrate. Most frequently used with women who do not normally produce
estrogen because of a pituitary gland or hypothalamic malfunction.
May also be used with men to stimulate sperm production.
Pituitary Gland:
The master gland; the gland that is stimulated by the hypothalamus
and controls all hormonal functions. Located at the base of the brain
just below the hypothalamus, this gland controls many major hormonal
factories throughout the body including the gonads, the adrenal glands,
and the thyroid gland.
Placenta:
The embryonic tissue that invades the uterine wall and provides a
mechanism for exchanging the baby's waste products for the mother's
nutrients and oxygen. The baby is connected to the placenta by the
umbilical cord.
Polar Body:
The discarded genetic material resulting from female germ cell division.
See also Meiosis.
Polycystic Ovaries (PCO or "Stein-Leventhal Syndrome"):
A condition found in women who don't ovulate, characterized by excessive
production of androgens (male sex hormones) and the presence of cysts
in the ovaries. Though PCO can be without symptoms, some include excessive
weight gain, acne and excessive hair growth.
Post Coital Test (PCT):
A microscopic examination of the cervical mucus best performed twelve
or more hours after intercourse to determine compatibility between
the woman's mucus and the man's semen; a test used to detect sperm-mucus
interaction problems, the presence of sperm antibodies, and the quality
of the cervical mucus.
Posttesticular System:
The ducts that store and deliver the sperm to the opening of the penis;
also includes the glands that produce seminal fluids.
Premature Ejaculation:
A condition in which the man becomes so sexually excited that most
of the time he ejaculates prior to penetrating the woman's vagina.
Premature Ovarian Failure:
A condition where the ovary runs out of follicles before the normal
age associated with menopause.
Pretesticular System:
The male hormonal system responsible for stimulating sperm production
and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.
Progesterone:
The hormone produced by the corpus luteum during the second half of
a woman's cycle. It thickens the lining of the uterus to prepare it
to accept implantation of a fertilized egg.
Progesterone Withdrawal:
A diagnostic procedure used to analyze menstrual irregularity and
amenorrhea; uterine "bleeding" that occurs within two weeks
after taking progesterone; a procedure used to demonstrate the presence
or absence of estrogen and to demonstrate the ability of the uterus
and reproductive tract to "bleed." Prior to ovulation induction
therapy, progesterone withdrawal may be used to induce a menstrual
period.
Prolactin:
The hormone that stimulates the production of milk in breastfeeding
women. Excessive prolactin levels when not breastfeeding may result
in infertility.
Prostaglandin:
A hormone secreted by the uterine lining. It is hypothesized that
prostaglandins secreted by active, young endometrial implants may
interfere with the reproductive organs by causing muscular contractions
or spasms.
Prostate Gland:
A gland in the male reproductive system that produces a portion of
the semen including a chemical that liquefies the coagulated semen
twenty minutes to go one hour after entering the vagina.
Puberty:
The time of life when the body begins making adult levels of sex hormones
- (estrogen or testosterone) and the youngster takes on adult body
characteristics: developing breasts, growing a beard, pubic hair,
and auxiliary hair; attaining sexual maturity.
Refractory Period:
A period of time after orgasm during which a man or woman cannot have
another; a recovery period.
Resistant Ovary:
An ovary that cannot respond to the follicle-stimulating message sent
by FSH. Primitive germ cells will be present in the ovary; however,
they will not respond to FSH stimulation.
Retrograde Ejaculation:
A male fertility problem that allows the sperm to travel into the
bladder instead of out the opening of the penis due to a failure in
the sphincter muscle at the base of the bladder.
Salpingectomy:
Surgical removal of the fallopian tube.
Salpingolysis:
Surgery performed to remove adhesions that restrict the movement and
function of reproductive organs.
Salpingostomy/Fimbrioplasty:
Surgical repair made to the fallopian tubes; a procedure used to open
the fimbria.
Scrotum:
The bag of skin and thin muscle surrounding the man's testicles.
Secondary Infertility:
The inability of a couple which has successfully achieved pregnancy
to achieve another. This strict medical definition includes couples
for whom the pregnancy did not go to term. The common vernacular,
however, refers to a couple which has one biological child but is
unable to conceive another.
Secondary Sex Characteristics:
The physical qualities that distinguish man and woman, such as beard,
large breasts, and deep voice. Formed under the stimulation of the
sex hormones (testosterone or estrogen), these characteristics also
identify those people who have gone through puberty (sexual maturity).
Semen:
The fluid portion of the ejaculate consisting of secretions from the
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and several other glands in the
male reproductive tract. The semen provides nourishment and protection
for the sperm and a medium in which the sperm can travel to the woman's
vagina. Semen may also refer to the entire ejaculate, including the
sperm.
Semen Analysis:
A laboratory test used to assess semen quality: sperm quantity, concentration,
morphology (form), and motility. In addition, it measures semen (fluid)
volume and whether or not white blood cells are present, indicating
an infection.
Semen Viscosity:
The liquid flow or consistency of the semen.
Seminal Vesicles:
Glands in the male reproductive system which produce much of the semen
volume, including fructose (sugar) for nourishing the sperm and a
chemical that causes the semen to coagulate on entering the vagina.
Seminiferous Tubes:
The testicular tubules in which the sperm mature and move toward the
epididymis.
Septate uterus:
A uterus divided into right and left halves by a wall of tissue (septum).
Women with a septate uterus have an increased chance of early pregnancy
loss.
Serophene:
Brand name for clomiphene citrate.
Sertoli (Nurse) Cell:
A testicular cell responsible for nurturing the spermatids (immature
sperm). Secretes inhibin, a feedback hormone, which regulates FSH
production by the pituitary gland. When stimulated by FSH, the Sertoli
cell initiates spermatogenesis.
Sheehan's Syndrome:
A condition caused by profuse hemorrhage at the time of delivery.
The severe blood loss shocks the pituitary gland, which dies and becomes
nonfunctional.
Short Luted Phase:
A condition in which the corpus luteum deteriorates prematurely, causing
the menstrual period to begin approximately ten days (instead of fourteen)
after ovulation. Frequently found with women undergoing ovulation
induction treatment.
Sonogram (Ultrasound):
Use of high-frequency sound waves for creating an image of internal
body parts. Used to detect and count follicle growth (and disappearance)
in many fertility treatments. Also used to detect and monitor pregnancy.
Sperm:
The microscopic cell that carries the male's genetic information to
the female's egg; the male reproductive cell; the male gamete.
Sperm Agglutination:
Sperm clumping caused by antibody reactions or by infection.
Sperm Antibodies:
Antibodies that attack and maim sperm. May be formed by either the
man against his own sperm or by the woman against her husband's sperm.
Sperm Bank:
A place where sperm are kept frozen in liquid nitrogen for later use
in artificial insemination.
Sperm Count:
The number of sperm in ejaculate. Also called sperm concentration
and given as the number of sperm per milliliter.
Sperm Maturation:
A process during which the sperm grow and gain their ability to swim.
Sperm take about ninety days to reach maturity.
Sperm Morphology:
A semen analysis factor that indicates the number or percentage of
sperm in the sample that appear to have been formed normally. Abnormal
morphology includes sperm with kinked, doubled, or coiled tails.
Sperm Motility:
The ability of sperm to swim. Poor motility means the sperm have a
difficult time swimming toward their goal---the egg.
Sperm Penetration:
The ability of the sperm to penetrate the egg so it can deposit the
genetic material during fertilization.
Spermatogenesis:
Sperm production in the testicles.
Spinnbarkeit:
The stretchability of cervical mucus; the stringy quality that occurs
at midcycle under the influence of estrogen.
Split Ejaculate:
A method used to concentrate the sperm for insemination; separating
the semen into two portions: the first portion of the ejaculate, which
is rich in sperm, and the second portion, which contains mostly seminal
fluid.
Stein-Leventhal Disease:
Another name for polycystic ovaries.
Sterility:
An irreversible condition that prevents conception.
Stillbirth:
The death of a fetus between the twentieth week of gestation and birth.
Superovulation:
Stimulation of multiple ovulation with fertility drugs; also known
as controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH).
Surrogate Mother:
A woman who is artificially inseminated and carries to term a baby
which will be raised by its genetic father and his partner.
Testicular Biopsy:
A minor surgical procedure used to take a small sample of testicular
tissue for microscopic examination; a test used to diagnose male fertility
problems when no other means is available (this is because the biopsy
procedure itself may cause testicular damage).
Testicular Biopsy:
A minor surgical procedure used to take a small sample of testicular
tissue for microscopic examination; a test used to diagnose male fertility
problems when no other means is available (this is because the biopsy
procedure itself may cause testicular damage).
Testicular Enzyme Defect:
A congenital enzyme defect that prevents the testes from responding
to hormonal stimulation. Will result in oligospermia or azozoospermia.
Testicular Failure, Primary:
A congenital, developmental, or genetic error resulting in a testicular
malformation that prevents sperm production.
Testicular Failure, Secondary:
Acquired testicular damage - for example, from drugs, prolonged exposure
to toxic substances, or a varicocoele.
Testicular Feminization:
An enzymatic defect that prevents a man from responding to the male
hormone testosterone. The man will look like a woman, but karyotyping
will reveal a normal XY male chromosome pattern, and testosterone
levels will be in the normal male range.
Testicular Function:
The ability of the testicles to produce sperm and testosterone.
Testicular Stress Pattern:
A semen analysis result showing depressed sperm production, poor sperm
motility, and poor sperm morphology. The pattern is consistent with
secondary testicular failure or illness.
Testosterone:
The male hormone responsible for the formation of secondary sex characteristics
and for supporting the sex drive. Testosterone is also necessary for
spermatogenesis.
Thyroid Gland:
The endocrine gland in the front of the neck that produces thyroid
hormones to regulate the body's metabolism.
Torsion:
The twisting of the testis inside the scrotum. Besides causing extreme
pain and swelling, the rotation twists off the blood supply and causes
severe damage to the testicle. Torsion of the ovary may also occur
in a woman suffering from hyperstimulation, a complication of ovulation
induction treatment.
Trichomonas:
An infection that may produce a greenish, bad-smelling vaginal discharge.
Tubocornual Anastomosis:
Surgery performed to remove a blocked portion of the fallopian tube
and to reconnect the tube to the uterus. Tubouterine implantation
may also be performed to remove fallopian tube blockage near the uterus
and reimplant the tube in the uterus.
Tubotubal Anastomosis:
Surgery performed to remove a diseased portion of the fallopian tube
and reconnect the two ends; sterilization reversal.
Turner's Syndrome:
The most common genetic defect contributing to female fertility problems.
The ovaries fail to form and appear as slender threads of atrophic
ovarian tissue, referred to as streak ovaries. Karyotyping will reveal
that this woman has only one female (X) chromosome instead of two.
Ultrasound:
A test used instead of X rays to visualize the reproductive organs;
for example, to monitor follicular development and to examine the
tubes and uterus. The instrument works by bouncing sound waves off
the organs. A picture displayed on a TV screen shows the internal
organs.
Umbilical Cord:
Two arteries and one vein encased in a gelatinous tube leading from
the baby to the placenta. Used to exchange nutrients and oxygen from
the mother for waste products from the baby.
Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism):
The failure of the testicles to descend from the abdominal cavity
into the scrotum by one year of age. If not repaired by age six, may
result in permanent fertility loss.
Unicornuate Uterus:
An abnormality in which the uterus is "one sided" and smaller
than usual.
Ureaplasma (Mycoplasma):
An infection that may cause the formation of sperm antibodies and
an inflammation of the uterine lining, either of which may interfere
with implantation of the embryo.
Urethra:
The tube that allows urine to pass between the bladder and the outside
of the body. In the man this tube also carries semen from the area
of the prostate to the outside.
Urologist:
A physician specializing in the genitourinary tract.
Uterus:
The hollow, muscular organ that houses and nourishes the fetus during
pregnancy.
Vagina:
The canal leading from the cervix to the outside of the woman's body;
the birth passage.
Vaginitis:
Yeast, bacterial vaginosis, or trichomonas infections of the vagina.
Frequent vaginitis may indicate the presence of pelvic adhesions and
tubal blockage from other infections, such as chlamydia. Vaginitis
may interfere with sperm penetration of the cervical mucus, and the
symptoms may even interfere with the ability and desire to have intercourse.
Varicocoele:
A dilation of the veins that carry blood out of the scrotum. The resulting
swollen vessels surrounding the testicles create a pool of stagnant
blood, which elevates the scrotal temperature. A major cause of male
infertility.
Vas Deferens:
One of the tubes through which the sperm move from the testicles (epididymis)
toward the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. These tubes are severed
during a vasectomy performed for birth control.
Vasectomy:
The accidental or elective surgical separation of the vasa deferential
a procedure used for birth control.
Venereal Disease:
Any infection that can be sexually transmitted, such as chlamydia,
gonorrhea, ureaplasma, and syphilis. Many of these diseases will interfere
with fertility and some will cause severe illness. See also PID.
Virility:
Masculinization; having male secondary sex characteristics; being
able to perform sexually.
X Chromosome:
The congenital, developmental, or genetic information in the cell
that transmits the information necessary to make a female. All eggs
contain one X chromosome, and half of all sperm carry an X chromosome.
When two X chromosomes combine, the baby will be a girl. See also
Y. Chromosome.
Y Chromosome:
The genetic material that transmits the information necessary to make
a male. The Y chromosome can be found in one-half of the man's sperm
cells. When an X and a Y chromosome combine, the baby will be a boy.
See also X Chromosome.
Zygote:
A fertilized egg which has not yet divided. Zygote Intrafallopian
Transfer
(ZIFT): An ART in which eggs are removed from a woman's ovaries,
fertilized with the man's sperm in a lab dish, and the resulting embryos
are transferred into the woman's fallopian tubes during a minor surgical
procedure.
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